Footnotes & Sources - Climate Change

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Last updated on: 5/10/2010 1:29:01 PM PST

Footnotes & Sources

The background and pro and con arguments were written by ProCon.org staff based upon input from the following footnotes (directly referenced) and sources (used for general research and not directly referenced):

Footnotes:

National Research Council of the National Academies, "Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years" (3.6 KB) , www.nap.edu, 2006
Kyle L. Swanson, PhD, George Sugihara, PhD, and Anastasios A. Tsonis, PhD, "Long-Term Natural Variability and 20th Century Climate Change," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, July 31, 2009
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), "Climate Change 2007: Working Group I: The Physical Science Basis" (19 MB) www.ipcc.ch, 2007
Stephen E. Schwartz, PhD, et al., "Quantifying Climate Change - Too Rosy a Picture?," Nature Reports Climate Change, June 27, 2007
Brookhaven National Laboratory, "Atmospheric Aerosols Found to Brighten Clouds," www.bnl.gov, Feb. 28 2002
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), "Global Climate Change: Evidence - How Do We Know," www.climate.nasa.gov (accessed Apr. 26, 2010)
US Global Change Research Program, "Global Change Impacts in the United States," www.globalchange.gov, 2009
Stephen E. Schwartz, PhD, "Uncertainty in Climate Sensitivity: Causes, Consequences, Challenges," Energy and Environmental Science, Aug. 2008
Andrew Dessler, PhD, et al., "Water-Vapor Climate Feedback Inferred from Climate Fluctuations, 2003–2008," Geophysical Research Letters, Oct. 2008
Kerry Emanuel, PhD, "Increasing Destructiveness of Tropical Cyclones Over the Past 30 Years," Nature, Aug. 4, 2005
National Research Council, "Ocean Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean," www.nap.edu, 2010
John A. Church, PhD, and Neil J. White, PhD, "A 20th Century Acceleration in Global Sea-Level Rise," Geophysical Research Letters, Jan. 6, 2006
Tim P. Barnett, PhD, et al., "Human-Induced Changes in the Hydrology of the Western United States," Science, Feb. 22, 2008
World Glacier Monitoring Service, "Preliminary Glacier Mass Balance Data 2007/2008," www.geo.unizh.ch/wgms (accessed Apr. 27, 2010)
Julienne Stroeve, PhD, et al., "Arctic Sea Ice Decline: Faster than Forecast," Journal of Geophysical Research, May 1, 2007
Tihomir Novakov, PhD, et al., "Aerosol Organic Carbon to Black Carbon Ratios: Analysis of Published Data and Implications for Climate Forcing," Journal of Geophysical Research, Nov. 8, 2005
Willie Soon, PhD, "Implications of the Secondary Role of Carbon Dioxide and Methane Forcing in Climate Change: Past, Present, and Future,” Physical Geography, 2007
William Gray, PhD, "MIT Professor's Climate Change Op-Ed Proven False," www.globalwarmingheartland.org, Apr. 7, 2010
Arthur B. Robinson, PhD, et al., "Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide" (3 MB) , Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons, Fall 2007
Timothy Ball, PhD, "Global Warming: The Cold, Hard Facts?," www.canadafreepress.com, Feb. 5, 2007
US Senate Minority Environment and Public Works Committee, "US Senate Report: Over 400 Prominent Scientists Disputed Man-Made Global Warming Claims in 2007," epw.senate.go, Dec. 20, 2007
Susan Solomon, PhD, et al., "Contributions of Stratospheric Water Vapor to Decadal Changes in the Rate of Global Warming," Science, Mar. 5, 2010
William Gray, PhD, US Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works Hearing statement, "The Role of Science in Environmental Policy-Making," epw.senate.go, Sep. 28, 2005
Keith Sherwood and Craig Idso, PhD, "The Ocean Acidification Fiction," CO2 Science, June 2009
US Environmental Protection Agency, "EPA: Greenhouse Gases Threaten Public Health and the Environment," www.epa.gov, Dec. 7, 2009
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), "John Tyndall (1820-1893)," earthobservatory.nasa.gov (June 2, 2010)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), "Mauna Loa Carbon Dioxide Record," www.noaa.gov (accessed June 2, 2010)
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, "Charles Keeling: Climate Science Pioneer," sio.ucsd.edu (accessed May 5, 2010)
NOW, "History of Global Warming," www.pbs.org, Apr. 22, 2005
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change," www.unfccc.int (accessed May 5, 2010)
US Environmental Protection Agency, "Executive Summary - Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2008," www.epa.gov, Apr. 15, 2010
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), "Kyoto Protocol," www.unfccc.int (accessed May 6, 2010)
Christiaan Vrolijk, "The Bonn Agreement - The World Agrees to Leave the US on the Sideline," www.chathamhouse.org.uk, Aug. 2001
Climate Crisis, "The Film," www.climatecrisis.net (accessed May 6, 2010)
Norwegian Noble Committee, "The Nobel Peace Prize 2007," nobelprize.org, Oct. 12, 2007
Al Jazerra English, "Bolivian Climate Summit Gets UN Nod," www.aljazerra.net, Apr. 22, 2010
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), "The Current and Future Consequences of Global Change," www.climate.nasa.gov (accessed May 17, 2010)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), "Climate Change 2007: Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability," www.ipcc.ch, 2007
Roy W. Spencer, PhD, "Global Warming as a Natural Respose to Cloud Changes Associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)," www.drroyspencer.com, Oct. 20, 2008
Greenpeace, "Fact Sheet: Competitive Enterprise Institute," www.exxonsecrets.org (accessed May 28, 2010)
Richard Lindzen, PhD "Climate of Fear: Global-Warming Alarmists Intimidate Dissenting Scientists into Silence," Wall Street Journal, Apr. 12, 2006
Richard A. Kerr, PhD, "Greenhouse Skeptic Out in the Cold," Science, Dec. 1, 1989
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), "Global Climate Change Indicators" (249 KB) , www.ncdc.noaa.gov, Apr. 13, 2010
Willie Soon, PhD, and Sallie Baliunas, PhD, "Proxy Climatic and Environmental Changes of the Past 1000 Years" (660 KB) , Climate Research, 2003
Anders Moberg, PhD, et al., "Highly Variable Northern Hemisphere Temperatures Reconstructed From Low and High Resolution Proxy Data," Nature, Feb. 2005
Congressional Budget Office (CBO), "Federal Climate Change Programs: Funding History and Policy Issues" (4 MB) , www.cbo.gov, Mar. 2010
Massachusetts v. EPA (168 KB) , Supreme Court of the United States, Apr. 2, 2007
Robert Andres, PhD, and Gregg Marland, PhD, et al., "Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuel Consumption and Cement Manufacture, 1751-1991" (6.5 MB) Oak Ridge National Laboratory, May 23, 1994
National Aeronautcs and Space Administration (NASA), "Water Vapor Confirmed as Major Player in Climate Change," www.nasa.gov, Nov. 17, 2008
Thomas R. Knutson, PhD, and Robert E. Tuleya, PhD, "Impact of CO2 Induced Warming on Simulated Hurricane Intensity and Precipitation: Sensitivity to the Choice of Climate Model and Convective Parameterization" (885 KB) , Journal of Climate, Sep. 15, 2004
P.J. Webster, PhD, et al., "Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and Intensity in a Warming Environment," Science, Sep. 16, 2005
Christopher L. Sabine, PhD, et al., "The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2," Science, July 16, 2004
James P. Barry, PhD, "Marine Organisms and Ecosystems in a High CO2 Ocean" (397 KB) , Monterey Bay Research Institute, Apr. 22, 2010
Johannes Oerlemans, PhD, "Deriving Global Temperature from Glacier Length Records" (1 MB) , www.phys.uu.nl (accessed May 6, 2010)
Greenpeace USA, "ExxonMobil's Continued Funding of Global Warming Denial Industry" (260 GB) , www.greenpeace.org, May, 2007
John Rockefeller (D-WV), and Olympia Snowe (R-ME), "Rockefeller and Snowe Demand That Exxon Mobile End Funding of Campaign That Denies Global Climate Change" (78 KB) , www.snowe.senate.gov, Oct. 30, 2006
Nicholas Caillon, PhD, and Jeffrey P. Severinghaus, PhD, et al., "Timing of Atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic Temperature Changes Across Termination III," Science, Mar. 14, 2003
Richard S. Lindzen, PhD, "Testimony of Richard S. Lindzen Before the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee" (199 KB) , www-eaps.mit.edu, May 2, 2001
Max Mayfield, PhD, "Oversight Hearing on the Lifesaving Role of Accurate Hurricane Prediction" (792 KB) , US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation Subcommittee on Disaster Prevention and Prediction, Sep. 20, 2005
Dennis Ambler, "Acidified Shell Fish: A Distorted View" (989 KB) , www.scienceandpublicpolicy.org, Apr. 27, 2010
Petr Chylek, PhD, et al., "Arctic Air Temperature Change Amplificaton and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation," Geophysical Research Letters, July 16, 2009
Anthony Watts, "Is the US Surface Temperature Record Reliable?," www.heartland.org, 2009
Peter Schwartz and Doug Randall, "An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and Its Implications for United States National Security" (411 KB) www.edf.org, Oct. 2003
G.S. Callendar, "The Artificial Production of Carbon Dioxide and its Influence on Temperature" (5 MB) , Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Feb. 16, 1938
National Academies of Sciences, "Energy and Climate: Studies in Geophysics," www.nap.edu, 1977
James Hansen, PhD, "The Greenhouse Effect: Impacts on Current Global Temperature and Regional Heat Waves" (4 MB) , US Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Hearing, June 23, 1988
James Hansen, PhD, et al., "Global Climate Changes as Forcasted by Goddard Institute for Space Studies Three-Dimensional Model," Journal of Geophysical Research, Aug. 20, 1988
National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), "Feedback Loops: Interactions that Influence Arctic Climate," www.nsidc.org (accessed Apr. 29, 2010)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), "IPCC First Assessment Report" (1 MB) , www.ipcc.ch, 1990
United Nations (UN), "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" (80 KB) , www.unfccc.int, 1992
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),"Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" (75 KB) , www.unfccc.int, 1998
S. Fred Singer, PhD, ed., "Nature, Not Human Activity, Rules the Climate," www.heartland.org, 2008
Heartland Institute, "International Conference on Climate Change" (1 MB) , www.heritage.org (accessed Apr. 19, 2010)
US, China, India, Brazil, and South Africa, "Copenhagen Accord" (182 KB) , www.unfccc.int, Dec. 18, 2009
World People's Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth, "Peoples Agreement" (33 KB) , pwccc.wordpress.com, Apr. 22, 2010

Sources:

FactCheck.org "'Climategate:' Hacked E-mails show climate Scientists in a Bad Light But Don't Change Scientific Consensus on Global Warming," www.factcheck.org, Dec. 2010

James Hansen, PhD, et al. "Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim?," Open Atmospheric Science Journal, Oct. 2008

Michael E. Mann, PhD, and Philip D. Jones, PhD, "Global Surface Temperatures over the Past two Millennia," Geophysical Research Letters, 2003

National Academies of Science, "Understanding and Responding to Climate Change," www.nationalacademies.org, 2008

National Research Council, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, "Radiative Forcing of Climate Change: Expanding the Concept and Addressing Uncertainties," books.nap.edu, 2005

David W. Pierce, PhD, and Tim P. Barnett, PhD, et al., "Anthropogenic Warming of the Oceans: Observations and Model Results," Journal of Climate, Oct. 6, 2005

Willie Soon, PhD, and Sallie Baliunas, PhD, et al., "Reconstructing Climatic and Environmental Changes of the Past 1000 Years: A Reappraisal," www.heartland.org (accessed Apr. 19, 2010)

US Climate Change Science Program, "Atmospheric Aerosol Properties and Climate Impacts," www.climatescience.gov, Jan. 2009

US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), "Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2008, www.epa.gov, Apr. 15, 2010

US Global Change Research Program, "Global Change Impacts in the United States," www.globalchange.gov, 2009

US Senate Minority Environmental and Public Works Committee, "US Senate Minority Report: More Than 700 International Scientists Dissent Over Man-Made Global Warming Claims," www.epw.senate.gov/minority, Mar. 16, 2009

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